sUAS and C-sUAS: What is the “small s”?

The swift evolution of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) has ushered in a wave of significant changes across numerous fields, from delivery logistics to emergency management. While certainly advantageous, the emergence of different drone types, each characterized by their unique functions and intended applications, along with the relentless pace of technological innovation, has also brought about intricate challenges, notably in airspace regulation, security enhancement, and the application of C-sUAS. 

In this context, understanding the nuanced differences in drone technology and its associated terminology is imperative. Such understanding forms the critical base for developing and implementing robust security measures and counteractions to secure a proactive stance on airspace security. 

The Significance of the Small “s” in sUAS

When it comes to drone technology, acronyms such as UAS and UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) play a crucial role in classifying the diverse spectrum of drones. Yet, it’s the addition of a lowercase “s” to craft “sUAS” that introduces a crucial layer of distinction. This subtle yet significant differentiation distinguishes sUAS within the larger group of UAS.

But what exactly does this “s” signify, and what broader impact does it have?

The “s” denotes “small.” This categorization underscores the defining characteristics of drones that are lightweight and compact, specifically those with a weight under 55 pounds. However, the significance of the “s” extends beyond mere physical dimensions. It brings to the forefront the enhanced accessibility and versatility of these smaller drones; alongside the unique set of potential risks they introduce. These risks encompass a wide array of concerns, from invasions of privacy to the challenges dangerous drones pose to the safety of airspace. 

The Classification of UAS

Classification showcases the vast spectrum of drone technology, which can range from small, agile models suited for low-altitude espionage to larger, more powerful drones capable of high-altitude, high-speed missions. 

Due to the lack of a universal standard, defense organizations adopt various approaches to categorize drones, reflecting the wide-ranging capabilities and applications of these aerial systems.

United States Department of Defense (DoD) UAS Groups

The DoD categorizes drones into five groups, based on factors such as weight, operational altitude, and speed capabilities: 

• Group 1 comprises UAS that are on the lighter side, weighing less than 20 pounds. These drones operate at altitudes below 1,200 feet above ground level (AGL) and speeds under 100 knots. Examples of drones in this category include many common and popular consumer and commercial drones manufactured by DJI and other leading players.
• Group 2 drones are slightly heavier, weighing between 21 and 55 pounds. They can reach operating altitudes below 3,500 feet AGL and fly at speeds under 250 knots. The ScanEagle is a notable example of this group.
• Group 3 represents a jump in weight, encompassing drones that weigh between 55 and 1,320 pounds. These UAS operate at altitudes below 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) and maintain speeds less than 250 knots. This category includes models such as the Shadow and Integrator.
• Group 4 includes drones that weigh over 1,320 pounds. Unlike the previous categories, these UAS can operate at any speed below 18,000 feet MSL, offering considerable versatility in mission profiles. Drones like the MQ-8B Fire Scout and MQ-1A/B Predator fall into this category.
• Group 5 encompasses the largest UAS types, which weigh over 1,320 pounds but are distinguished by their ability to operate above 18,000 feet MSL at any speed. This group includes the MQ-9 Reaper and RQ-4 Global Hawk.

NATO UAS Classes

NATO’s categorization differs from the DoD, organizing drones into three broad classes, with each category serving distinct operational roles from tactical to strategic levels. However, like the DoD’s approach, NATO emphasizes the drone’s weight as a key factor:

• Class I UAS: This class is a collection of micro, mini, and small drones, all of which weigh less than 150kg. They are capable of ascending to altitudes of up to 5,000 feet above ground level (AGL). These drones are particularly noted for their short-range capabilities, typically operating within a 20-mile radius, and have the endurance to remain airborne for up to two hours.
• Class II UAS: Class II drones are medium-sized, weighing between 150kg and 600kg. These drones boast a higher operational ceiling, reaching up to 10,000 feet AGL, and can cover a mission radius of 200 kilometers.
• Class III UAS: As the largest class, these UAS drones exceed 600kg. They stand out for their ability to operate at very high altitudes—up to 65,000 feet—far surpassing the operational ceilings of Classes I and II. Unlike the smaller drones, Class III UAS drones typically require runways for launching and recovery, along with substantial logistical support.

Drones in Groups 1 and 2, as per the DoD, and Class 1 by NATO standards, are categorized as sUAS, with a maximum weight limit of 55 pounds. These are distinct from larger UAS categories. Recognizing the distinction between sUAS and larger UAS varieties is crucial for formulating precise countermeasures aimed at mitigating drone-related risks.

The Unique Challenges of sUAS

Unauthorized drones of all types present significant security risks to airspace; however, sUAS introduce a unique array of challenges that stem from their compact nature, versatility, widespread availability, and ease of operations. Their small size and stealthiness allow for operation in areas inaccessible to larger drones, raising new safety concerns and making detection difficult. The affordability of these drones also means they are more readily available, increasing the potential for their use in unauthorized or harmful activities by criminal organizations, terrorists, and lone bad actors. 

The Importance of C-sUAS

As drones become more accessible and sophisticated, the range of potential risks they pose expands. These risks include privacy invasions, violations of secure airspace, and even targeted attacks. In response to these evolving threats, the development of Counter-Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-sUAS) has accelerated. These systems employ advanced technologies to not only detect hostile drones but also to mitigate them efficiently. 

The proactive deployment of C-sUAS is crucial for addressing potential threats ahead of time, thereby bolstering the security of airspace and enhancing the protection of essential operations.

The market is now saturated with a diverse range of C-UAS technologies, each offering unique features and capabilities. However, not all systems are equally effective against the specific threats posed by sUAS. Thus, selecting the right technology is vital for developing an effective and proactive defense strategy, one that can counter the unauthorized use of drones effectively.

RF Cyber-Takeover Solutions for C-sUAS

Amidst the plethora of technologies in the market, RF Cyber-Takeover solutions, such as that in D-Fend’s EnforceAir2, stand out for their precision and adaptability. These systems are designed to counter sUAS threats efficiently, supporting the protection of nearby infrastructure and public safety without compromise.

Tailored to adeptly mitigate Group 1 and 2 drones, EnforceAir2 excels by directly contending with the communications between the drones and their operators. This approach steers potentially hostile drones to safe landings, thereby taking control of the drone to control the threat.

The adaptability of D-Fend Solutions’ system to various sectors is one of its standout features. Whether it’s for military purposes, law enforcement, or urban security, EnforceAir2 delivers a comprehensive and evolving response to drone threats. This versatility makes it a go-to choice for those looking to secure their airspace from unauthorized drones effectively.

Explore the range of deployment options to learn how to tailor defense strategies to meet the unique requirements of each scenario.